January Reviews
, Readers and Society in Nineteenth-Century France: Workers, Women, Peasants. New York: Palgrave, 2001. xii + 208 pp. Notes, bibliography and index. $60.00 US. ISBN 0-333-92126-7.
Review by James Smith Allen, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (January 2002), No. 1
, La protection sociale sous le régime de Vichy. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2001. 377pp. Notes, map, bibliography and index. 150,87FF (pb). ISBN 2-86847-603-1.
Review by Lynne Taylor, University of Waterloo.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (January 2002), No. 2
, To Speak for the People: Public Opinion and the Problem of Legitimacy in the French Revolution. New York and London: Routledge, 2001. vi + 249 pp. Index. $21.95 U.S. (pb). ISBN 0-415-92972-5 (paper); $85.00 (cl). ISBN 0-415-92971-7.
Review by David Andress, University of Portsmouth.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (January 2002), No. 3
Response by Jon Cowans to David Andress’ review
H-France Review Vol. 2 (January 2002), No. 4
Please see the continued discussion that occurred on H-France.
, L’empire de Napoléon. Paris: Flammarion, 2000. 351 pp. Critical glossary, bibliography, and index. 54.18FF. ISBN 2-08-083003-1.
Review by John Lawrence Tone, Georgia Institute of Technology.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (January 2002), No. 5
, France: The Dark Years, 1940-1944. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. xix+660pp. Notes, maps, abbreviation tables and index. $35.00 ISBN 0-19-820706-9.
Review by Robert Zaretsky, University of Houston.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (January 2002), No. 6
, Crown and Nobility in Early Modern France. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, 2001. x+194. Notes and index. $65.00 U.S. ISBN 0-333-60971-9. $21.95 U.S. ISBN:0-333-60972-7.
Review by Jonathan Dewald, SUNY at Buffalo.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (January 2002), No. 7
February Reviews
, France and the Cult of the Sacred Heart: An Epic Tale for Modern Times. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. xv + 308 pp. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, and index. $40.00 US (cl). ISBN 0-520-22136-2.
Review by Suzanne K. Kaufman, Loyola University Chicago.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (February 2002), No. 8
Please see the continued discussion that occurred on H-France.
, Economic Sentiments, Adam Smith, Condorcet, and the Enlightenment. Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press, 2001. ix + 353pp. Notes and index. $45.00 US (cl). ISBN 0-674-00489-2.
Review by Liana Vardi, SUNY at Buffalo.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (February 2002), No. 9
, Religion and Revolution in France, 1780-1804. Washinton, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press and London: Macmillan Press, 2000. xii + 435 pp. Maps, notes, bibliography, and index. $44.95 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-8132-0976-5. $24.95 U.S. (pb). ISBN 0-8132-0977-3.
Review by David Garrioch, Monash University.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (February 2002), No. 10
, Inquisition and Power. Catharism and the Confessing Subject in Medieval Languedoc. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001. ix+312 pp. Notes, bibliography, index, and acknowledgements. $55.00 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-8122-3618-1.
Review by Michael Goodich, University of Haifa.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (February 2002), No. 11
, Enemies of the Enlightenment: The French Counter-Enlightenment and the Making of Modernity. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. xii + 262 pp. Illustrations, notes, and index. $35.00 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-19-513685-3.
Review by Jay M. Smith, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (February 2002), No. 12
, Monumental Intolerance: Jean Baffier, A Nationalist Sculpture in Fin-De-Siècle France. University Park, Penn.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000. lxvii+326pp. Bibliography and index. $70.00 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-271-01965-4.
Review by William Hauptman, Independent Scholar, Lausanne, Switzerland.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (February 2002), No. 13
, Ermengard of Narbonne and the World of the Troubadours. Ithaca, N.Y. and London: Cornell University Press, 2001. xiii+474pp. Maps, genealogies, abbreviations, notes, bibliography, and index. $35.00 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-8014-3952-3.
Review by Carol J. Williams, Centre for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Monash University, Australia.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (February 2002), No. 14
, France Since 1870: Culture, Politics and Society. Houndsmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire and New York: Palgrave, 2001. xxv+505 pp. Tables, notes, bibliography, and index. $65.00 US (cl). ISBN 0-333-65836-1. $21.95 US (pb). ISBN:0-333-65837-X.
Review by Joelle Neulander, University of Iowa.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (February 2002), No. 15
, Le Théâtre à Montpellier (1755-1851). Presented by Michel Bideaux. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, SVEC 2001. x + 268 pp. Appendices, glossary, bibliography, and indices. £45 / FF450 / Euros 78 (pb). ISBN 0-7294-0702-0.
Review by Jeffrey S. Ravel, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (February 2002), No. 16
, Blood in the City: Violence and Revelation in Paris, 1789-1945. Ithaca, N.Y. and London: Cornell University Press, 2001. xv+395 pp. Map, figures, notes, chronology, and index. $36.50 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-8014-3868-3.
Review by Bertrand Taithe, University of Manchester.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (February 2002), No. 17
, The Rise of the Public in Enlightenment Europe. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. ix + 284 pp. Tables, notes, bibliography, and index. $54.95 US (cl). ISBN 0-521-46573-7; $19.95 US (pb). ISBN 0-521-46969-4.
Review by Michael R. Lynn, Agnes Scott College.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (February 2002), No. 18
, A Taste for Comfort and Status: A Bourgeois Family in Eighteenth-Century France. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000. x + 292 pp. Appendixes, bibliography, and index. $65.00 US (cl). ISBN 0-271-01956-5.
Review by Clare Crowston, University of Illinois at Champaign.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (February 2002), No. 19
, Funerals, Politics, and Memory in Modern France 1789-1996. New York and London: Oxford University Press, 2000. 425pp. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, and index. $95.00 US (cl). ISBN: 00-19-820328-4.
Review by Edward Berenson, New York University.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (February 2002), No. 20
, Napoleon III and His Regime: An Extravaganza. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2000. ix + 425 pp. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, and index. $49.95 US (cl). ISBN 0-8071-2624-1.
Review by Steven D. Kale, Washington State University.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (February 2002), No. 21
March Reviews
, A duel of giants: Bismarck, Napoleon III, and the origins of the Franco-Prussian War. Madison and London: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2001. xvi + 244 pp. Illustrations, notes, bibliographical essay and index. $24.95 US (cl). ISBN 0-299-17490-5.
Review by William E. Echard, York University.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (March 2002), No. 22
, Dress in the Middle Ages. Translated by Caroline Beamish. New Haven, Conn. and London: Yale University Press, 1997. vi + 167 pp. Foreword, black-and-white illustrations, bibliography, and glossary. $25.00 US (cl). ISBN 0-300-06906-5; $15.00 US (pb.). ISBN 0-300-08691-1.
Review by Brigitte Miriam Bedos-Rezak, University of Maryland, College Park.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (March 2002), No. 23
, The Cult of the Nation in France: Inventing Nationalism, 1680-1800. Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press, 2001. xiv + 304 pp. Notes, index, and 16 illustrations. $45.00 US (cl). ISBN 0-674-00447-7.
Review by Thomas E. Kaiser, University of Arkansas at Little Rock.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (March 2002), No. 24
Response by David A. Bell to Thomas Kaiser’s review
H-France Review Vol. 2 (March 2002), No. 25
, Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity, 1650-1750. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. xxii + 810 pp. Maps, tables, plates, notes, bibliography, and index. $45.00 US (cl). ISBN 0-19-820608-9.
Review by J.B. Shank, University of Minnesota.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (March 2002), No. 26
, Vichy in the Tropics: Pétain’s National Revolution in Madagascar, Guadeloupe, and Indochina, 1940-1944. Stanford, Cal.: Stanford University Press, 2001. vii + 311 pp. Maps, photographs, notes, bibliography and sources, and index. $55.00 US (cl). ISBN 0-8047-4179-4.
Review by Kim Munholland, University of Minnesota.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (March 2002), No. 27
, Anglo-French Relations Before the Secod World War: Appeasement and Crisis. London: Palgrave, 2001. vii + 219pp. Notes, bibliography, and index. $60.00 US (cl.). ISBN 0-333-94926-9.
Review by William D. Irvine, York University.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (March 2002), No. 28
, To Be A Citizen: The Political Culture of the Early French Third Republic. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2001. x + 193 pp. Illustrations, notes, chronology, and index. $39.95 US (cl). ISBN 0-8014-3888-8.
Review by Pamela Pilbeam, Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, University of London.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (March 2002), No. 29
, France, the United States, and the Algerian War. Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press, 2001. xiii + 335 pp. Illustrations, notes, bibliography and index. $39.95 (cl.). ISBN 0-520-22534-1.
Review by Romain Souillac, Université Bordeaux-3.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (March 2002), No. 30
, The Bourgeois Citizen in Nineteenth-Century France: Gender, Sociability, and the Uses of Emulation. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. viii + 268 pp. Notes, bibliography, index, abbreviations. $72.00 US (cl). ISBN 0-19-820777-8.
Review by W. Scott Haine, University of Maryland University College and Holy Names College.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (March 2002), No. 31
April Reviews
, Making Democracy in the French Revolution. Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press, 2001. x + 326 pp. Notes and index. $49.95 US (cl). ISBN 0-674-00624-0.
Review by David A. Bell, Johns Hopkins University.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (April 2002), No. 32
Response by James Livesey to David A. Bell’s review
H-France Review Vol. 2 (April 2002), No. 33
Please see the continued discussion that occurred on H-France.
, The French Second Empire: An Anatomy of Political Power. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. x + 507 pp. Tables, notes, bibliography, and index. $75.00 U.S. ISBN 0-521-80830-8.
Review by Peter McPhee, University of Melbourne.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (April 2002), No. 34
, Visualizing the Nation: Gender, Representation, and Revolution in Eighteenth-Century France. Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press, 2001. 254 pp. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. $35.00 US (cl). ISBN 0-8014-3811-X.
Review by Barbara Day-Hickman, Temple University.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (April 2002), No. 35
, The New Biography: Performing Femininity in Nineteenth-Century France. Berkeley and London: University of California Press, 2000. x + 298 pp. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, and index. $55 US (cl), ISBN 0-520-22140-0 (cl); $19.95 US (pb), 0-520-22149-9 (pb).
Review by Charles Sowerwine, University of Melbourne.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (April 2002), No. 36
May Reviews
, Bring Out Your Dead: The Past as Revelation. Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press, 2001. vi + 360 pp. Notes and index. ISBN 0-674-00468-X.
Review by Zachary S. Schiffman, Northeastern Illinois University.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (May 2002), No. 37
, Du volontaire au conscrit, les levées d’hommes dans le Puy-de- Dôme pendant la Révolution française. Clermont-Ferrand: Presses universitaires Blaise Pascal, 2001. 2 vol. 781 pp. Tables, maps, bibliography and index. 32.01 Euros. ISBN 284516-153-0.
Review by Annie Crépin, Université d’Artois.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (May 2002), No. 38
, Politics on the Fringe: The People, Policies, and Organization of the French National Front. Durham: Duke University Press, 1999. xiv + 261 pp. Appendices, notes, bibliography, and index. $49.95 US (cl). ISBN 0-8223-2237-4. $17.95 US (pb). ISBN 0-8223-2139-4.
Review by Samuel H. Goodfellow, Westminster College.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (May 2002), No. 39
June Reviews
The Haunting Past: History, Memory, and Justice in Contemporary France. Preface by Philippe Petit. Translated by Ralph Schoolcraft. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002. vii + 96 pp. Notes, bibliography, and index. $29.95 U.S. ISBN 0-8122-3645-9.
Review by Robert Soucy, Oberlin College.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (June 2002), No. 40
, Montmartre and the Making of Mass Culture. New Brunswick and London: Rutgers University Press, 2001. xvii + 296 pp. Illustrations, notes, selected bibliography. $30.00 US(pb). ISBN 0-8135-3009-1.
Review by Jerrold Seigel, New York University.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (June 2002), No. 41
For Fear of the Fire: Joan of Arc and the Limits of Subjectivity. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2001. x + 240 pp. Figures, notes, bibliography, and index. $52.00 US (cl). ISBN 0-226-51981-3. $20.00 US (pb). ISBN 0-226-51982-1.
Review by Katherine B. Crawford, Vanderbilt University.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (June 2002), No. 42
, Courtly Contradictions: The Emergence of the Literary Object in the Twelfth Century. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2001. xiii + 382 pp. Notes, bibliography, and index. $55.00 US (cl). ISBN 0-8047-3079-2.
Review by Constance B. Bouchard, University of Akron.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (June 2002), No. 43
, Ordering Women’s Lives. Penitentials and Nunnery Rules in the Early Medieval West. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001. viii + 251 pp. Figures, notes, bibliography, and index. $38.00 US (cl). ISBN 0-8018-6539-5.
Review by Constance H. Berman, University of Iowa.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (June 2002), No. 44
, Colonial Citizens: Republican Rights, Paternal Privilege, and Gender in French Syria and Lebanon. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000. xvii + 402 pp. Appendix, notes, bibliography, and index. $17.50 US (pb). ISBN 0-231-10661-0.
Review by Mary C. Wilson, University of Massachusetts at Amherst.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (June 2002), No. 45
, Enfants Terribles: Youth and Femininity in the Mass Media in France, 1945-1968. Burlington, Vt. and Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001. 246 pp. Bibliography and index. ISBN 1-8592-8238-5.
Review by Whitney Walton, Purdue University.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (June 2002), No. 46
, Les Patriotes: La Gauche républicaine et la nation, 1830-1870. Paris: Seuil, 2001. 326 pp. Notes, bibliography, index. 23.00 € (pb). ISBN 2-02-022596-4.
Review by Venita Datta, Wellesley College.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (June 2002), No. 47
, Women Writing Opera: Creativity and Controversy in the Age of the French Revolution. Berkeley and London: University of California Press, 2001. xvii + 342 pp. Illustrations, appendix, bibliography, notes, and index. $48.00 US (cl). ISBN 0-520-22653-4.
Review by William Weber, California State University, Long Beach.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (June 2002), No. 48
, Richelieu’s Army. War, government and society in France, 1624-1642. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. xxiv + 599 pp. $90.00 U.S. ISBN: 0521792096.
Review by Stuart Carroll, University of York.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (June 2002), No. 49
, The Bouchayers of Grenoble and French Industrial Enterprise, 1850-1970. Baltimore, Md. and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001. xix + 247 pp. Tables, illustrations, notes, bibliography, and index. $39.95 US (cl). ISBN 0-8018-6683-9.
Review by Stephen L. Harp, University of Akron.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (June 2002), No. 50
, Vichy and the Eternal Feminine: A Contribution to a Political Sociology of Gender. Trans. Kathleen A. Johnson. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2001. 325 pp. Illustrations, notes, index. $21.95 US (pb.). ISBN 0-8223-2774-0.
Review by Sarah Fishman, University of Houston.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (June 2002), No. 51
, France and the World Since 1870 (International Relations and the Great Powers, ed. John Gooch) London: Arnold; New York: Oxford, 2001. viii+ 261 pp. Notes, bibliography, and index. $24.95 (pb). ISBN 0 340 58507 8.
Review by Carole Fink, The Ohio State University.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (June 2002), No. 52
July Reviews
, Nicolas de Clamanges: Spirituality, Personal Reform and Pastoral Renewal on the Eve of the Reformations. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University Press of America, 2001. xii + 146 pp. Bibliography and index. $44.95 U.S. ISBN 0-8132-0996-X.
Review by Erin L. Jordan, University of Northern Colorado.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (July 2002), No. 53
, Blue Coat or Powdered Wig: Free People of Color in Pre-Revolutionary Saint Domingue. Athens and London: The University of Georgia Press, 2001. xxvi + 328 pp. Maps, tables, notes, bibliography, and index. $45.00 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-8203-2233-4.
Review by William S. Cormack, University of Guelph.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (July 2002), No. 54
, Inside Napoleonic France: State and Society in Rouen, 1800-1815. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001. xii + 290 pp. Maps, tables, figures, bibliography, and index. $79.95 US (cl). ISBN 0-7546-0357-4.
Review by Michael Broers, King’s College, University of Aberdeen.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (July 2002), No. 55
, Hollywood’s Film Wars with France: Film Trade Diplomacy and the Emergence of the French Film Quota Policy. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2001. xix + 202 pp. Figures, tables, illustrations, notes, bibliography, and index. $65.00 U.S. (cl.) ISBN 1-58046-086-0.
Review by Susan Weiner, Yale University.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (July 2002), No. 56
, Marianne in the Market: Envisioning Consumer Society in Fin-de-Siècle France. Berkeley and London: University of California Press, 2001. xiii + 321 pp. Illustrations, notes, bibliography and index. $45.00 US (cl). ISBN 0-520-22529-5.
Review by Victoria Thompson, Arizona State University.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (July 2002), No. 57
, Marketing Michelin, Advertising and Cultural Identity in Twentieth-Century France. Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press, 2001. xiii + 356 pp. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. $39.95 U.S. (cl.). ISBN 0-8018-6651-0.
Review by Rosemary Wakeman, Fordham University.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (July 2002), No. 58
, A Social Laboratory for Modern France. The Musée Social and the Rise of the Welfare State. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2002. xiii + 354 pp. Illustrations, tables, notes, bibliography, and index. $65 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-8223-2782-1.
Review by Judith F. Stone, Western Michigan University.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (July 2002), No. 59
, Intellectuals and Politics in Post-War France. Basingstoke, UK and New York: Palgrave, 2002. ix + 254 pp. Notes, index. $68.00 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-333-77808-1.
Review by David L. Schalk, Vassar College.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (July 2002), No. 60
, National Character and Public Spirit in Britain and France 1750-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. ix + 348 pp. Notes and index. $65 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0521810000.
Review by Jeremy D. Popkin, University of Kentucky.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (July 2002), No. 61
, Foreign Bodies: Gender, Language, and Culture in French Orientalism. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. xiv + 234 pp. Notes and index. $49.50 US (cl). ISBN 0-8047-4104-2
Review by Jennifer Heuer, Middlebury College.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (July 2002), No. 62
, The Other Enlightenment: How French Women Became Modern. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2001. xvi + 233 pp. Appendices and index. $35.00 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-691-07472-0.
Review by Lisa Jane Graham, Haverford College.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (July 2002), No. 63
, May 68 in French Fiction and Film: Rethinking Society, Rethinking Representation. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. viii + 182 pp. Chronology, notes, bibliography, and index. $27.00 U.S. (pb). ISBN 0-19-871515-3.
Review by Michael Scott Christofferson, Pennsylvania State University, Erie.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (July 2002), No. 64
August Reviews
, Women and Politics in France, 1958-2000. London and New York: Routledge, 2000. xiv + 270 pp. Tables, notes, bibliography and index. $31.95 U.S. (pb). ISBN 0-415-18493-2.
Review by Laura Lee Downs, École des hautes études en sciences sociales.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (August 2002), No. 65
, The Politics of Virtue in Enlightenment France. Basingstoke, UK, and New York: Palgrave, 2001. xi + 258 pp. Notes and index. $60 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-333-94959-5.
Review by Johnson Kent Wright, Arizona State University.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (August 2002), No. 66
, The Contested Parterre: Public Theater and French Political Culture, 1680-1791. Ithaca, N.Y. and London: Cornell University Press, 1999. xi + 256 pp. Map, illustrations, notes, bibliography, and index. $42.50 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-8014-3544-7. $19.95 U.S. (pb). ISBN 0-8014-8541-X.
Review by Andre Spies, Hollins University.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (August 2002), No. 67
, The Making of the Magdalen: Preaching and Popular Devotion in the Later Middle Ages. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000. xiii + 389 pp. Figures, notes, bibliography, and index. $19.95 U.S. (pb). ISBN 0-691-08987-6.
Review by Katharine J. Lualdi, University of Southern Maine.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (August 2002), No. 68
, Citizenship & Wars. France in Turmoil, 1870-1871. London and New York: Routledge, 2001. viii + 263 pp. Tables, figures, notes, bibliography, and index. $90.00 U.S. (hb). ISBN 0-415-23927-3; $29.95 U.S. (pb). ISBN 0-415-23928-1.
Review by Paul Lawrence, The Open University (UK).
H-France Review Vol. 2 (August 2002), No. 69
, Colonial Cinema and Imperial France, 1919-1939: White Blind Spots, Male Fantasies, Settler Myths. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001. xv + 300 pp. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, filmography, and index. $39.95 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-8018-6616-2.
Review by Owen White, University of Delaware.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (August 2002), No. 70
, Postcolonial Hospitality: The Immigrant as Guest. Stanford, Cal.: Stanford University Press, 2001. 211 pp. Notes, bibliography, index. $55.00 US (cl). ISBN: 0-8047-4232-4. $24.95 US (pb). ISBN: 0-8047-4267-7.
Review by David H. Slavin, Rice University.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (August 2002), No. 71
, Cities of Ladies: Beguine Communities in the Medieval Low Countries, 1200-1565. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001. xv + 335 pp. Maps, illustrations, notes, bibliography, appendices, and index. $65.00 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-8122-3604-1.
Review by Megan Armstrong, University of Utah.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (August 2002), No. 72
, Marat en famille: La saga des Mara[t]. 2 vol. Brussels: Pôle Nord, 2001. 271 pp. and 325 pp. Illustrations, facsimile documents, notes, bibliography, and index. 45.00 € (both vols; pb). ISBN 2-30040-17-3 and 2-930040-18-1.
Review by James Livesey, Trinity College Dublin.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (August 2002), No. 73
, Strength in Numbers: Population, Reproduction, and Power in Eighteenth-Century France. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002. xiii + 261 pp. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, and index. $44.95 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-8018-6810-6.
Review by David Klinck, University of Windsor.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (August 2002), No. 74
, Enlightenment Aberrations: Error and Revolution in France. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2002. xiii + 255 pp. Notes and index. $39.95 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-8014-3945-0.
Review by Alan Williams, Wake Forest University.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (August 2002), No. 75
, Cistercians, Heresy and Crusade in Occitania, 1145-1229: Preaching in the Lord’s Vineyard. Woodbridge and Rochester, N.Y.: York Medieval Press / Boydell and Brewer, 2001. xx + 256 pp. Map, photographs, chronological table, preface, notes, bibliography, and index. $75.00 U.S. /£45.00 (cl). ISBN 1-90315-300-X.
Review by John H. Arnold, University of London.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (August 2002), No. 76
, Louis Le Vau: Mazarin’s College, Colbert’s Revenge. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999. ix + 236 pp. Architectural drawings, photos, appendices, notes, bibliography, and index. $50.00 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-691-04895-9.
Review by Douglas C. Baxter, Ohio University.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (August 2002), No. 77
, Terre et société en Révolution: Approche du lien social dans la région d’Amboise. Paris: Éditions du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques, 2000. 549 pp. Maps, tables, notes, and bibliography. 38.11 € (pb). ISBN 27355-0396-8.
Review by Alan Forrest, University of York.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (August 2002), No. 78
, Saint-Simon and the Court of Louis XIV. With the collaboration of Jean-François Fitou. Translated by Arthur Goldhammer. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2001. x + 432 pp. Photographs, tables, figures, appendixes, notes, bibliography, and index. $35.00 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-226-47320-1. Originally published as Saint-Simon, ou le système de la Cour, Paris: Arthème Fayard, 1997.
Review by John J. Hurt, University of Delaware.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (August 2002), No. 79
, Privilege and the Politics of Taxation in Eighteenth-Century France: Liberté, Égalité, Fiscalité. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. xvi + 352 pp. Illustrations, figures, tables, notes, bibliography, and index. $69.95 U.S. (hb). ISBN 0-521-77149-8.
Review by Judith Miller, Emory University.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (August 2002), No. 80
Review by Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, University of California, Los Angeles.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (August 2002), No. 81
Response by Michael Kwass to reviews of his book by Judith Miller and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (August 2002), No. 82
, French Rugby Football: A Cultural History. Oxford and New York: Berg, 2001. viii + 229 pp. Notes, bibliography, appendices, and index. $65.00 US (cl). ISBN 1-85973-322-0. $19.50 U.S. (pb). 1-85973-327-1.
Review by Christopher S. Thompson, Ball State University.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (August 2002), No. 83
, Louis XIV and the Parlements: The Assertion of Royal Authority. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2002. xv + 240 pp. notes, bibliography, and index. £45.00 (cl). ISBN 0-7190-6235-7.
Review by Jonathan Dewald, State University of New York at Buffalo.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (August 2002), No. 84
September Reviews
, The Myth of Pope Joan. Trans. Lydia G. Cochrane. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2001. x + 386 pp. Preface to the American edition, reproductions, bibliography, notes, and index. $60.00 U.S. (cl); $22.50 U.S. (pb). ISBN 0-226-06745-9.
Review by Larissa J. Taylor, Colby College.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (September 2002), No. 85
, The King’s Body: Sacred Rituals of Power in Medieval and Early Modern Europe. Trans. R. Burr Lichfield. University Park, Penn.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2001. xviii + 302 pp. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, and index. $45.00 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-271-02102.
Review by Paul Sonnino, University of California, Santa Barbara.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (September 2002), No. 86
, France in Indochina: Colonial Encounters. Oxford and New York: Berg, 2001. ix + 240 pp. Map, illustrations, notes, bibliography, and index. $19.50 U.S. (pb). ISBN 1-85973-481-2.
Review by Michael G. Vann, Santa Clara University.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (September 2002), No. 87
, The French Revolution 1789-1799. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. 234 pp. Maps, chronology, notes, bibliography, and index. $19.95 U.S. (pb). ISBN 0-19-924414-6.
Review by Sydney Watts, University of Richmond.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (September 2002), No. 88
, Old Regime France, 1648-1788. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. xii + 231 pp. Maps, notes, bibliography, chronology, and index. $19.95 U.S. (pb). ISBN 0-19-873129-9.
Review by Stephen Miller, University of Alabama at Birmingham.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (September 2002), No. 89
, The Age of Cultural Revolutions: Britain and France, 1750-1820. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2002. ix + 293 pp. Notes and index. $48.00 US (cl); ISBN 0-520-22966-5. $18.95 U.S. (pb); ISBN 0-520-22967-3.
Review by Christine Adams, St. Mary’s College of Maryland.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (September 2002), No. 90
Rethinking France: Les Lieux de mémoire. ; translation directed by David P. Jordan. Vol. I: The State. Translated by Mary Trouille. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 2001. xxxiii + 483 pp. Maps, illustrations, notes, and index. $40.00 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-226-59132-8.
Review by Lloyd Kramer, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (September 2002), No. 91
, Traumatic Pasts: History, Psychiatry and Trauma in the Modern Age, 1870-1930. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. xiv + 316 pp. Notes. $60.00 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-521-58365-9.
Review by Bertrand Taithe, University of Manchester.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (September 2002), No. 92
, The Sixteenth-Century French Religious Book. Aldershot, England, and Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate, 2001. xviii + 366 pp. Figures, tables, notes on contributors, abbreviations, and index. $99.95 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-7546-0278-8.
Review by Brad S. Gregory, Stanford University.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (September 2002), No. 93
, A Political Academy in Paris 1724-1731: The Entresol and Its Members. Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2000. xi + 289 pp. Appendices, bibliography, and index. $94.88 U.S. (pb). ISBN 0-7294-0736-5.
Review by Thomas E. Kaiser, University of Arkansas at Little Rock.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (September 2002), No. 94
October Reviews
, La ville aux îles, la ville dans l’île. Basse-Terre et Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, 1650-1820. Paris: Éditions Karthala, 2000. 1044 pp. Appendices, bibliography, index, and illustrations. 56.53 Euros (pb). ISBN 2-86537-936-1.
Review by Bernard Gainot, Institut d’histoire de la Révolution Française.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (October 2002), No. 95
, Violence in Early Modern Europe, 1500-1800. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. xii + 269 pp. Illustrations, tables, chapter bibliographies, on-line bibliographic essay, notes, and index. $55.00 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-521-59119-8; $20.00 U.S. (pb). ISBN 0-521-59894-X.
Review by Michael P. Breen, Reed College.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (October 2002), No. 96
, Surviving Poverty in Medieval Paris. Gender, Ideology, and the Daily Lives of the Poor. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2002. xiii + 198 pp. Maps, figures, notes, appendix, bibliography, and index. $35.00 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-8014-3836-5.
Review by John S. Ott, Portland State University.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (October 2002), No. 97
, Britain, France, and the Financing of the First World War. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2002. x + 249 pp. Tables, notes, bibliography, and index. $75.00 US (cl). ISBN 0-7735-2293-X.
Review by Sally Marks, Independent Scholar, Providence, Rhode Island.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (October 2002), No. 98
, Citizens & Cannibals: The French Revolution, the Struggle for Modernity, and the Origins of Ideological Terror. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2001. xii + 640 pp. Notes. $35.00 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-7425-0831-5.
Review by Jeff Horn, Manhattan College.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (October 2002), No. 99
, Jews in France during the Second World War. Trans. Nathan Bracher. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England for Brandeis University Press in association with United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2001. xxv + 601 pp. Photos, tables, notes, bibliography, and index. $75.95 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-87451-896-2. $34.95 U.S. (pk). ISBN 1-58465-144-X.
Review by Paul Jankowski, Brandeis University.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (October 2002), No. 100
, Associations et champ politique: La loi de 1901 à l épreuve de siècle. Paris: Publication de la Sorbonne, 2001. 723 pp. Notes, appendices, and bibliography. 35.00 Euros (pb). ISBN 2-85944-424-6.
Review by Lynne Taylor, University of Waterloo.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (October 2002), No. 101
, The Dead and the Living in Paris and London, 1500-1670. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. xvi + 343 pp. Maps, appendices, bibliography, and index. COST??? (cl). ISBN 0-521-81126-0.
Review by Moshe Sluhovsky, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (October 2002), No. 102
, Elephant Slaves and Pampered Parrots: Exotic Animals in Eighteenth-Century Paris. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002. xiv + 349 pp. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, and index. $48.00 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-8018-6753-3.
Review by Rebecca L. Spang, University College London.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (October 2002), No. 103
, Stavisky: A Confidence Man in the Republic of Virtue. Ithaca, N.Y. and London: Cornell University Press, 2002. xiv + 326 pp. Notes, bibliography and index. $35.00 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-8014-3959-0.
Review by Kenneth Mouré, University of California at Santa Barbara.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (October 2002), No. 104
, Glory and Terror: Seven Deaths under the French Revolution. Translated by Charlotte Mandell. New York and London: Routledge, 2001. 243 pp. Illustrations, notes, and index. $35.00 U.S. (cl); ISBN 0-415-92616-5. $22.95 U.S. (pb); ISBN 0-415-92617-3.
Review by Gary Kates, Pomona College.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (October 2002), No. 105
, From Revolutionaries to Citizens: Antimilitarism in France, 1870-1914. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2002. xii + 277 pp. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, and index. $64.95 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-8223-2757-0; $21.95 U.S. (pb). ISBN 0-8223-2766-X.
Review by Norman Ingram, Concordia University.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (October 2002), No. 106
, La France et la Tierce Allemagne à l’exemple de la Saxe entre 1814 et 1866. Friedberg: Edition Atlantis, 2001. 390 pp. Tables, maps, bibliography, and index. 25.15 Euros (cl). ISBN 3-932711-53-X.
Review by David Wetzel, University of California, Berkeley.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (October 2002), No. 107
November Reviews
, The Idea of Europe: From Antiquity to the European Union. Woodrow Wilson Center Series. Cambridge (England) and Washington (D.C.): Cambridge University Press in association with the Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2002. xii + 379 pp. Notes and index. $65.00 U.S. (hb). ISBN 0-521-79171-5; $23.00 U.S. (pb). ISBN 0-521-79552-4.
Review by Antoine Capet, Université de Rouen.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (November 2002), No. 108
, Gregory of Tours. History and Society in the Sixth Century. Translated by Christopher Carroll. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. xii + 235 pp. Figures, table, and bibliography. £40.00 G.B. (cl). ISBN 0-521-63174-2.
Review by Alain Stoclet, Université Lyon 2–Lumière.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (November 2002), No. 109
, Le Duc d’Enghien. Paris: Fayard, 2001. 466 pp. Maps, figures, illustrations, bibliography, and index. 24.50 Euros (pb). ISBN 2-213-60987-X.
Review by Malcolm Crook, Keele University.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (November 2002), No. 110
, Publishing Women’s Life Stories in France, 1647-1720: From Voice to Print. Aldershot and Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate, 2001. viii + 172 pp. Figures, notes, bibliography, and index. $74.95 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-7546-0370-9.
Review by Claire Carlin, University of Victoria.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (November 2002), No. 111
, Salons, Singers and Songs: A Background to Romantic French Song, 1830-1870. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002. ix + 283 pp. Appendices, bibliography, index. $79.95 U.S. (hb). ISBN 0-7546-0491-8.
Review by William Weber, California State University, Long Beach.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (November 2002), No. 112
, France Restored: Cold War Diplomacy and the Quest for Leadership in Europe, 1944-54. Foreword by John Lewis Gaddis. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1998. 291 pp. Map, notes, bibliography. $55.00 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-807-82428-3. $19.95 U.S. (pb). ISBN 0-807-84747-X.
Review by Irwin Wall, University of California, Riverside.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (November 2002), No. 113
, Promoting the Colonial Idea: Propaganda and Visions of Empire in France. New York and Hampshire, UK: Palgrave, 2002. xii + 248 pp. $60.00 U.S. (cl). ISBN: 0333791800.
Review by Todd Shepard, University of Oklahoma.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (November 2002), No. 114
, La ville aux îles, la ville dans l’île. Basse-Terre et Pointe-à- Pitre, Guadeloupe, 1650-1820. Paris: Éditions Karthala, 2000. 1044 pp. Appendices, bibliography, index, and illustrations. 56.53 Euros (pb). ISBN 2-86537-936-1.
Review [en français] by , Institut d’histoire de la Révolution Française. Translation [in English] by , Jacksonville University and H-Caribbean review editor
H-France Review Vol. 2 (November 2002), No. 115
, The Invention of the Restaurant: Paris and Modern Gastronomic Culture. Harvard Historical Studies, 135) Paperback edition. Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press, 2001. vii + 325 pp. Illustrations, bibliography, and index. $16.95 U.S. (pb). ISBN 0-674-00685-2.
Review by Kolleen M. Guy, University of Texas at San Antonio.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (November 2002), No. 116
, Origins of the French Welfare State: The Struggle for Social Reform in France, 1914-1947. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. xiii + 251 pp. Figures, tables, bibliography, and index. $60.00 U.S. (cloth). ISBN 0-521-81334-4
Review by Philippe-Jean Hesse, Université de Nantes.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (November 2002), No. 117
, The Navigation of Feeling: A Framework for the History of Emotions. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. xiv + 380 pp. $70 U.S. (cl); ISBN 0-521-80303-9. $25 U.S. (pb); ISBN 0-521-00472-1.
Review by Jeremy D. Popkin, University of Kentucky.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (November 2002), No. 118
Response by William M. Reddy to the review of his book by Jeremy D. Popkin.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (November 2002), No. 119
, Society and Culture in the Huguenot World, 1559-1685. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. xvii + 241 pp. Illustrations, tables, notes, bibliography, and index. $60.00 U.S. ISBN 0 521 77324 5.
Review by Daniel Hickey, Université de Moncton.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (November 2002), No. 120
, The Cistercian Evolution: The Invention of a Religious Order in Twelfth-Century Europe. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000. xxiv + 382 pp. Charts, plans, photographs, maps, tables, appendices, notes, bibliography, and index. $59.55 U.S. (cl); £42.00 G.B. ISBN 0-8122-3534-7.
Review by Bruce L. Venarde, University of Pittsburgh.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (November 2002), No. 121
Response by Constance Berman, to the review of her book by Bruce L. Venarde.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (November 2002), No. 122
, The Wild Girl, Natural Man, and the Monster: Dangerous Experiments in the Age of Enlightenment. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 2002. xiii + 344 pp. $55.00 U.S. (cl); ISBN 0-226-16055-6. $19.00 U.S. (pb); ISBN 0-226-16056-4.
Review by Martin S. Staum, University of Calgary.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (November 2002), No. 123
, The Myth of Nations, the Medieval Origins of Europe. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2002. x + 199 pp. Notes, suggestions for further reading, and index. $24.95 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-691-09054-8.
Review by Steven Fanning, University of Illinois at Chicago.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (November 2002), No. 124
Charles d’Eon de Beaumont, The Maiden of Tonnerre: The Vicissitudes of the Chevalier and the Chevalière d’Eon. . Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001. xxiv + 207 pp. Photos, notes, biographical glossary, and index. $44.95 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-8018-6687-1.
Review by Christine Adams, St. Mary’s College of Maryland.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (November 2002), No. 125
, Party, Society and Government: Republican Democracy in France. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2002. xii + 210 pp. Tables, bibliography and index. $59.95 U.S. (cl). ISBN 1-57181-966-5.
Review by Margaret H. Darrow, Dartmouth College.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (November 2002), No. 126
, Recollections of France. Memories, Identities and Heritage in Contemporary France. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2000. vi + 264 pp. Notes, bibliography, and index. $ 69.95 (cl). ISBN 1-57181-728-X. $25.00 (pb). ISBN 1-57181-499-X.
Review by Robert Gildea, Oxford University.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (November 2002), No. 127
December Reviews
, Villas and Gardens in Early Modern France and Italy. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. xx + 428 pp. Maps, tables, figures, notes, bibliography and index. $85.00 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-521-78225-2.
Review by David Buisseret, University of Texas at Arlington.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (December 2002), No. 128
, A Lust for Virtue: Louis XIV’s Attack on Sin in Seventeenth-Century France. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press (Contributions to the Study of World History, Number 88), 2001. xvi + 203 pp. $69.95 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-313-31708-9.
Review by Robin Briggs, Oxford University.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (December 2002), No. 129
, From Tribes to Nation: The Making of Modern France, 500-1789. Toronto and London: Wadsworth-Thomson Learning, 2002. xlii + 750 pp. Introduction, maps, illustrations, notes, appendix, bibliography, and index. $42.95 US (pb). ISBN 0-15-500257-0.
The last five chapters are also published separately as The Ancien Regime and the French Revolution. Toronto and London: Wadsworth-Thomson Learning, 2002. xxviii + 277 pp. Introduction, maps, illustrations, notes, appendix, bibliography, and index. $34.95 US (pb). ISBN 0-15-507387-7.
Review by John M. Burney, Loras College.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (December 2002), No. 130
, Behind the Diplomatic Curtain: Adolphe de Bourqueney and French Foreign Policy, 1816-1869. Ohio: University of Akron Press, 2001. xvi + 344 pp. Notes, bibliography, and index. $49.95 US (cl). ISBN 1-884836-71-2.
Review by Bradford C. Brown, Bradley University.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (December 2002), No. 131
, Blood and Religion: The Conscience of Henri IV, 1553-1593. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2001. xii + 457 pp. Figures, notes, bibliography, and index. $65.00 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-7735-2124-0.
Review by Raymond A. Mentzer, University of Iowa.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (December 2002), No. 132
, May ’68 and its Afterlives. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2002. ix + 238 pp. Notes, bibliography, and index. $27.50 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-226-72797-1
Review by Michael Seidman, University of North Carolina-Wilmington.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (December 2002), No. 133
, Reflections. The Life and Writings of a Young Blind Woman in Post-Revolutionary France. Translated and with commentary by Catherine J. Kudlick and Zina Weygand. New York and London: New York University Press, 2001. xv + 155 pp. Foreword by Bonnie G. Smith. Notes. $20.00 U.S. (pb). ISBN 0-8147-4746-9.
Review by Lynn Sharp, Whitman College.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (December 2002), No. 134
, Crisis and Renewal in France, 1918-1962. New York: Berghahn Books, 2002. vii + 312 pp. $75.00 U.S. (cl). Notes, list of contributors, and index. ISBN 1-57181-146-X.
Review by Irwin Wall, University of California, Riverside, and New York University.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (December 2002), No. 135
, Jomini et la stratégie: Une approache historique de l’oeuvre. Paris: Sofedis and Lagny; Belgium: Sodis, 2002. 336 pp. Notes, biographical notices, and bibliography. 23.70 Euros (pb). ISBN 2-601-03297.
Review by Eugenia C. Kiesling, United States Military Academy, West Point.
H-France Review Vol. 2 (December 2002), No. 136